Sprain

Definition

• Sprain: Injury to a ligament (connects bone to bone), usually from stretching or tearing due to twisting/wrenching.
• Strain (for contrast): Injury to a muscle or tendon (connects muscle to bone), often from overuse or impact.

Pathophysiology

• Sprain: Ligament fibers are overstretched or torn, causing inflammation, swelling, and pain.
• Strain: Muscle/tendon fibers overextended or torn, leading to microtears and inflammation.
• Severity depends on extent of fiber damage.

Causes

• Sports injuries: Sudden movements (e.g., running, jumping) stress joints, muscles, and ligaments.
• Accidents: Falls or twists, e.g., twisting an ankle.
• Overuse injuries: Repetitive activities (typing, playing instruments) can cause strain.

Risk Factors

• Age: Older adults have reduced flexibility, increasing injury risk.
• Physical activity: High-impact sports or activities increase risk.
• Previous injuries: Past sprains or strains raise recurrence risk.

Comorbidities

• Osteoporosis: Weak bones increase risk of injury.
• Arthritis: Joint inflammation raises likelihood of sprains/strains.
• Diabetes: Poor circulation and nerve function can lead to foot/ankle injuries.

Medical Management

Mild Injuries – RICE Method:

• Rest: Limit movement to prevent further damage.
• Ice: Reduces swelling and pain (20 minutes every 2–3 hours).
• Compression: Wrap with elastic bandage to reduce swelling.
• Elevation: Keep affected limb raised to minimize swelling.

Moderate to Severe Injuries:

• NSAIDs: E.g., ibuprofen for pain and inflammation.
• Physical therapy: Improves flexibility, strength, and healing.
• Immobilization: Braces, splints, or casts to allow healing.
• Surgery: For torn ligaments/tendons or unhealed injuries.

Patient Education

• Rest injured area and avoid activities that worsen it.
• Apply ice, use compression, and elevate limb.
• Take medications as prescribed (e.g., NSAIDs).
• Attend all physical therapy sessions.
• Monitor for worsening symptoms (e.g., severe pain, swelling, numbness).

Prevention

• Warm up before exercise or activity.
• Wear well-fitted, supportive footwear.
• Use proper lifting techniques.
• Take breaks to stretch if sitting/standing long-term.
• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce joint stress.